People and Power: Electricity Sector Reforms and the Poor in Europe and Central Asia, Pagina 419World Bank, 2007 - 227 pagini The debate on how to conduct pro-poor reforms of utilities frequently condemns tariff-based subsidies as socially regressive. But the empirical insights on household behavior and electricity consumption patterns in this book reveal that, in ECA, where access to utilities is almost universal, the erosion of tariff based subsidies has disproportionately affected the poor, while direct transfers through social benefit systems have often been inadequately targeted. The book suggests alternative strategies for achieving cost-recovery in the electricity sector in a socially and politically acceptable manner, providing lessons that are equally relevant for other utilities and regions. |
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Pagina 38
... Belarus Georgia Bulgaria Hungary Moldova Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Source : Author's calculations based on household survey data from the World Bank ECA HBS database . Note : Conditional on households reporting positive expenditures ...
... Belarus Georgia Bulgaria Hungary Moldova Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Source : Author's calculations based on household survey data from the World Bank ECA HBS database . Note : Conditional on households reporting positive expenditures ...
Pagina 166
... Belarus 2.57 3.00 Kazakhstan 5.79 7.50 Croatia 6.00 8.00 Poland 5.32 7.50 Bosnia 4.76 7.03 Romania 2.62 4.00 Ukraine 4.70 7.50 Macedonia 4.11 7.50 1.90 3.80 1.50 3.00 4.30 8.63 1.13 2.30 3.06 7.50 Bulgaria Russia Azerbaijan Albania ...
... Belarus 2.57 3.00 Kazakhstan 5.79 7.50 Croatia 6.00 8.00 Poland 5.32 7.50 Bosnia 4.76 7.03 Romania 2.62 4.00 Ukraine 4.70 7.50 Macedonia 4.11 7.50 1.90 3.80 1.50 3.00 4.30 8.63 1.13 2.30 3.06 7.50 Bulgaria Russia Azerbaijan Albania ...
Pagina 190
... Belarus 95 Bulgaria 650 99 Georgia 8 Hungary 36 80 28-58 na na na na na na na 22 95 66 67 13 5 5 8 6 6 7 1 2 2 98 na na na 1 0 0 6 40 26 33 273 na 1 58 6 5 7 Kazakhstan 10 9 12 86 57 85 Kyrgyz Republic 10 39 19 100 80 89 ~ - ~ 3 + | na ...
... Belarus 95 Bulgaria 650 99 Georgia 8 Hungary 36 80 28-58 na na na na na na na 22 95 66 67 13 5 5 8 6 6 7 1 2 2 98 na na na 1 0 0 6 40 26 33 273 na 1 58 6 5 7 Kazakhstan 10 9 12 86 57 85 Kyrgyz Republic 10 39 19 100 80 89 ~ - ~ 3 + | na ...
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AES Telasi Albania analysis Armenia arrears average Azerbaijan Baku Barmek Belarus benefits bills Bulgaria central heat collection rates consumers cost recovery countries demand distribution companies district heating dram economic effects of reform efficiency electricity consumption electricity expenditures electricity sector energy consumption energy expenditures energy sector environmental Europe and Central figure focus group Georgia higher Household Budget Survey Households reported impact of reform improved infrastructure investments Kazakhstan kerosene kgoe Kyrgyz Republic Lampietti manat meters mitigating Moldova natural gas nonpayment NREDs payment percent of households percentage political poor and nonpoor poor households Poor Nonpoor poverty power sector price elasticity price increases privatization PSIAS region residential Romania rural sector reform Serbia service quality share social Source stakeholders substitutes supply Table Tajikistan targeted tariff increases tariff-based subsidies Tbilisi Total Bottom 20 traditional fuels tricity Ukraine Union Fenosa utility welfare losses wood World Bank Yerevan