People and Power: Electricity Sector Reforms and the Poor in Europe and Central Asia, Pagina 419World Bank, 2007 - 227 pagini The debate on how to conduct pro-poor reforms of utilities frequently condemns tariff-based subsidies as socially regressive. But the empirical insights on household behavior and electricity consumption patterns in this book reveal that, in ECA, where access to utilities is almost universal, the erosion of tariff based subsidies has disproportionately affected the poor, while direct transfers through social benefit systems have often been inadequately targeted. The book suggests alternative strategies for achieving cost-recovery in the electricity sector in a socially and politically acceptable manner, providing lessons that are equally relevant for other utilities and regions. |
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Pagina 36
... Kazakhstan , and Turkmenistan gained from a change in their terms of trade during transi- tion ; they were able to export their energy resources at the higher world price , staving off fiscal crises . Energy - poor countries such as ...
... Kazakhstan , and Turkmenistan gained from a change in their terms of trade during transi- tion ; they were able to export their energy resources at the higher world price , staving off fiscal crises . Energy - poor countries such as ...
Pagina 190
... Kazakhstan 10 9 12 86 57 85 Kyrgyz Republic 10 39 19 100 80 89 ~ - ~ 3 + | na na 1 1 2 7 3 5 13 6 8 4 0 2 3 Moldova 5 17 10 28 24 24 9 Poland 13 23 17 41 29 36 7 9 8 7 Romania 5 16 11 20 14 13 8 9 Russia Serbia Tajikistan Turkey Ukraine ...
... Kazakhstan 10 9 12 86 57 85 Kyrgyz Republic 10 39 19 100 80 89 ~ - ~ 3 + | na na 1 1 2 7 3 5 13 6 8 4 0 2 3 Moldova 5 17 10 28 24 24 9 Poland 13 23 17 41 29 36 7 9 8 7 Romania 5 16 11 20 14 13 8 9 Russia Serbia Tajikistan Turkey Ukraine ...
Pagina 217
... Kazakhstan . " Technical Paper No. 451 , Washington , DC . World Bank . 1999b . " Georgia Poverty and Income ... Kazakhstan Public Expenditure Review - I , II , and III . ” Report No. 20489 - KZ , Poverty Reduction and Economic ...
... Kazakhstan . " Technical Paper No. 451 , Washington , DC . World Bank . 1999b . " Georgia Poverty and Income ... Kazakhstan Public Expenditure Review - I , II , and III . ” Report No. 20489 - KZ , Poverty Reduction and Economic ...
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AES Telasi Albania analysis Armenia arrears average Azerbaijan Baku Barmek Belarus benefits bills Bulgaria central heat collection rates consumers cost recovery countries demand distribution companies district heating dram economic effects of reform efficiency electricity consumption electricity expenditures electricity sector energy consumption energy expenditures energy sector environmental Europe and Central figure focus group Georgia higher Household Budget Survey Households reported impact of reform improved infrastructure investments Kazakhstan kerosene kgoe Kyrgyz Republic Lampietti manat meters mitigating Moldova natural gas nonpayment NREDs payment percent of households percentage political poor and nonpoor poor households Poor Nonpoor poverty power sector price elasticity price increases privatization PSIAS region residential Romania rural sector reform Serbia service quality share social Source stakeholders substitutes supply Table Tajikistan targeted tariff increases tariff-based subsidies Tbilisi Total Bottom 20 traditional fuels tricity Ukraine Union Fenosa utility welfare losses wood World Bank Yerevan