People and Power: Electricity Sector Reforms and the Poor in Europe and Central Asia, Pagina 419World Bank, 2007 - 227 pagini The debate on how to conduct pro-poor reforms of utilities frequently condemns tariff-based subsidies as socially regressive. But the empirical insights on household behavior and electricity consumption patterns in this book reveal that, in ECA, where access to utilities is almost universal, the erosion of tariff based subsidies has disproportionately affected the poor, while direct transfers through social benefit systems have often been inadequately targeted. The book suggests alternative strategies for achieving cost-recovery in the electricity sector in a socially and politically acceptable manner, providing lessons that are equally relevant for other utilities and regions. |
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Pagina 49
... Heating Heating water Cooking Primary source Poor Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Electricity 10 20 31 37 28 29 Central heat 7 9 - Central gas 8 11 11 13 13 LPG < 1 < 1 1 1 300 16 8 13 Wood 59 50 47 43 41 35 Dung 6 5 6 5 6 4 Other 9 5 ...
... Heating Heating water Cooking Primary source Poor Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Electricity 10 20 31 37 28 29 Central heat 7 9 - Central gas 8 11 11 13 13 LPG < 1 < 1 1 1 300 16 8 13 Wood 59 50 47 43 41 35 Dung 6 5 6 5 6 4 Other 9 5 ...
Pagina 128
... central heating network and report that central heating is their only source of heat . For this group , all noncentral heat energy consumption will be for such nonheating purposes as lighting and cooking . The second subsample is ...
... central heating network and report that central heating is their only source of heat . For this group , all noncentral heat energy consumption will be for such nonheating purposes as lighting and cooking . The second subsample is ...
Pagina 133
... central finding of our heat demand model : district heating designed based on a norm of 28 ° C pro- vides more heat than consumers demand or are willing to pay ... Heat Supply Predicted Heat Expenditure as a Percentage Household Expenditures.
... central finding of our heat demand model : district heating designed based on a norm of 28 ° C pro- vides more heat than consumers demand or are willing to pay ... Heat Supply Predicted Heat Expenditure as a Percentage Household Expenditures.
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AES Telasi Albania analysis Armenia arrears average Azerbaijan Baku Barmek Belarus benefits bills Bulgaria central heat collection rates consumers cost recovery countries demand distribution companies district heating dram economic effects of reform efficiency electricity consumption electricity expenditures electricity sector energy consumption energy expenditures energy sector environmental Europe and Central figure focus group Georgia higher Household Budget Survey Households reported impact of reform improved infrastructure investments Kazakhstan kerosene kgoe Kyrgyz Republic Lampietti manat meters mitigating Moldova natural gas nonpayment NREDs payment percent of households percentage political poor and nonpoor poor households Poor Nonpoor poverty power sector price elasticity price increases privatization PSIAS region residential Romania rural sector reform Serbia service quality share social Source stakeholders substitutes supply Table Tajikistan targeted tariff increases tariff-based subsidies Tbilisi Total Bottom 20 traditional fuels tricity Ukraine Union Fenosa utility welfare losses wood World Bank Yerevan