People and Power: Electricity Sector Reforms and the Poor in Europe and Central Asia, Pagina 419World Bank, 2007 - 227 pagini The debate on how to conduct pro-poor reforms of utilities frequently condemns tariff-based subsidies as socially regressive. But the empirical insights on household behavior and electricity consumption patterns in this book reveal that, in ECA, where access to utilities is almost universal, the erosion of tariff based subsidies has disproportionately affected the poor, while direct transfers through social benefit systems have often been inadequately targeted. The book suggests alternative strategies for achieving cost-recovery in the electricity sector in a socially and politically acceptable manner, providing lessons that are equally relevant for other utilities and regions. |
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Pagina 126
... District Heating Systems In the 1950s , large , centralized district heating became the system of choice in most developed countries , including Eastern Europe and Central Asia . It is generally considered the most comfortable ...
... District Heating Systems In the 1950s , large , centralized district heating became the system of choice in most developed countries , including Eastern Europe and Central Asia . It is generally considered the most comfortable ...
Pagina 134
... heating system that provides heat at the lowest cost is district heating supplied from cogeneration plants.8 But many poor urban households consume less heat and have lower heat expenditures than usually associated with a district heating ...
... heating system that provides heat at the lowest cost is district heating supplied from cogeneration plants.8 But many poor urban households consume less heat and have lower heat expenditures than usually associated with a district heating ...
Pagina 135
... district heating systems can be the most convenient and cost- effective heating mode given a heavy heat load , their high fixed costs make them expensive for consumers demanding ... Heating Options for Full Heat Service in Yerevan, Armenia.
... district heating systems can be the most convenient and cost- effective heating mode given a heavy heat load , their high fixed costs make them expensive for consumers demanding ... Heating Options for Full Heat Service in Yerevan, Armenia.
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AES Telasi Albania analysis Armenia arrears average Azerbaijan Baku Barmek Belarus benefits bills Bulgaria central heat collection rates consumers cost recovery countries demand distribution companies district heating dram economic effects of reform efficiency electricity consumption electricity expenditures electricity sector energy consumption energy expenditures energy sector environmental Europe and Central figure focus group Georgia higher Household Budget Survey Households reported impact of reform improved infrastructure investments Kazakhstan kerosene kgoe Kyrgyz Republic Lampietti manat meters mitigating Moldova natural gas nonpayment NREDs payment percent of households percentage political poor and nonpoor poor households Poor Nonpoor poverty power sector price elasticity price increases privatization PSIAS region residential Romania rural sector reform Serbia service quality share social Source stakeholders substitutes supply Table Tajikistan targeted tariff increases tariff-based subsidies Tbilisi Total Bottom 20 traditional fuels tricity Ukraine Union Fenosa utility welfare losses wood World Bank Yerevan