People and Power: Electricity Sector Reforms and the Poor in Europe and Central Asia, Pagina 419World Bank, 2007 - 227 pagini The debate on how to conduct pro-poor reforms of utilities frequently condemns tariff-based subsidies as socially regressive. But the empirical insights on household behavior and electricity consumption patterns in this book reveal that, in ECA, where access to utilities is almost universal, the erosion of tariff based subsidies has disproportionately affected the poor, while direct transfers through social benefit systems have often been inadequately targeted. The book suggests alternative strategies for achieving cost-recovery in the electricity sector in a socially and politically acceptable manner, providing lessons that are equally relevant for other utilities and regions. |
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Pagina 37
... ( figure 3.1 ) . ECA households in the 1990s were spending 2-10 percent of their income on electricity . The lowest 20 percent of the households , the poor , consistently spend a larger share of their income on electricity than the top ( ...
... ( figure 3.1 ) . ECA households in the 1990s were spending 2-10 percent of their income on electricity . The lowest 20 percent of the households , the poor , consistently spend a larger share of their income on electricity than the top ( ...
Pagina 38
... Figure 3.2 . The Poor Spend a Larger Share of Their Income on Electricity 2 0 10 8 I lowest 20 percent I highest 20 percent Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Bulgaria Hungary Moldova Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Source : Author's ...
... Figure 3.2 . The Poor Spend a Larger Share of Their Income on Electricity 2 0 10 8 I lowest 20 percent I highest 20 percent Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Bulgaria Hungary Moldova Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Source : Author's ...
Pagina 136
... ( figure 8.6 ) . Therefore , while electrical heating has a high unit cost , it may be less expensive for the household to heat with because it is more flexible.11 This suggests that district heating is inefficient and inappropriate for ...
... ( figure 8.6 ) . Therefore , while electrical heating has a high unit cost , it may be less expensive for the household to heat with because it is more flexible.11 This suggests that district heating is inefficient and inappropriate for ...
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AES Telasi Albania analysis Armenia arrears average Azerbaijan Baku Barmek Belarus benefits bills Bulgaria central heat collection rates consumers cost recovery countries demand distribution companies district heating dram economic effects of reform efficiency electricity consumption electricity expenditures electricity sector energy consumption energy expenditures energy sector environmental Europe and Central figure focus group Georgia higher Household Budget Survey Households reported impact of reform improved infrastructure investments Kazakhstan kerosene kgoe Kyrgyz Republic Lampietti manat meters mitigating Moldova natural gas nonpayment NREDs payment percent of households percentage political poor and nonpoor poor households Poor Nonpoor poverty power sector price elasticity price increases privatization PSIAS region residential Romania rural sector reform Serbia service quality share social Source stakeholders substitutes supply Table Tajikistan targeted tariff increases tariff-based subsidies Tbilisi Total Bottom 20 traditional fuels tricity Ukraine Union Fenosa utility welfare losses wood World Bank Yerevan