People and Power: Electricity Sector Reforms and the Poor in Europe and Central Asia, Pagina 419World Bank, 2007 - 227 pagini The debate on how to conduct pro-poor reforms of utilities frequently condemns tariff-based subsidies as socially regressive. But the empirical insights on household behavior and electricity consumption patterns in this book reveal that, in ECA, where access to utilities is almost universal, the erosion of tariff based subsidies has disproportionately affected the poor, while direct transfers through social benefit systems have often been inadequately targeted. The book suggests alternative strategies for achieving cost-recovery in the electricity sector in a socially and politically acceptable manner, providing lessons that are equally relevant for other utilities and regions. |
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... na Armenia Azerbaijan 92 Belarus 2622 na na na na na na na na 36 45 36 95 82 86 5 5 6 94 92 92 89 90 28 21 23 20 2 1 1 na na na na na na Bulgaria 1 7 4 0 0 0 3 2 2 Georgia 23 53 37 42 17 26 9 3 4 Hungary 67 84 79 9 7 8 10 5 7 Kazakhstan ...
... na Armenia Azerbaijan 92 Belarus 2622 na na na na na na na na 36 45 36 95 82 86 5 5 6 94 92 92 89 90 28 21 23 20 2 1 1 na na na na na na Bulgaria 1 7 4 0 0 0 3 2 2 Georgia 23 53 37 42 17 26 9 3 4 Hungary 67 84 79 9 7 8 10 5 7 Kazakhstan ...
Pagina 190
... na na Armenia 12 34 Azerbaijan Belarus 95 Bulgaria 650 99 Georgia 8 Hungary 36 80 28-58 na na na na na na na 22 95 66 67 13 5 5 8 6 6 7 1 2 2 98 na na na 1 0 0 6 40 26 33 273 na 1 58 6 5 7 Kazakhstan 10 9 12 86 57 85 Kyrgyz Republic 10 ...
... na na Armenia 12 34 Azerbaijan Belarus 95 Bulgaria 650 99 Georgia 8 Hungary 36 80 28-58 na na na na na na na 22 95 66 67 13 5 5 8 6 6 7 1 2 2 98 na na na 1 0 0 6 40 26 33 273 na 1 58 6 5 7 Kazakhstan 10 9 12 86 57 85 Kyrgyz Republic 10 ...
Pagina 197
... na na na na na na Bulgaria 86 99 93 12 7 7 5 3 4 Georgia 66 79 74 78 83 80 3 0 1 Hungary 85 99 94 21 18 21 4 3 4 Kazakhstan 34 37 Kyrgyz Republic 10 47 3 13 6 2 1 1 37 21 23 0 1 1 Moldova 2 8 4 52 33 38 4 2 3 Poland 90 97 94 65 53 58 4 ...
... na na na na na na Bulgaria 86 99 93 12 7 7 5 3 4 Georgia 66 79 74 78 83 80 3 0 1 Hungary 85 99 94 21 18 21 4 3 4 Kazakhstan 34 37 Kyrgyz Republic 10 47 3 13 6 2 1 1 37 21 23 0 1 1 Moldova 2 8 4 52 33 38 4 2 3 Poland 90 97 94 65 53 58 4 ...
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AES Telasi Albania analysis Armenia arrears average Azerbaijan Baku Barmek Belarus benefits bills Bulgaria central heat collection rates consumers cost recovery countries demand distribution companies district heating dram economic effects of reform efficiency electricity consumption electricity expenditures electricity sector energy consumption energy expenditures energy sector environmental Europe and Central figure focus group Georgia higher Household Budget Survey Households reported impact of reform improved infrastructure investments Kazakhstan kerosene kgoe Kyrgyz Republic Lampietti manat meters mitigating Moldova natural gas nonpayment NREDs payment percent of households percentage political poor and nonpoor poor households Poor Nonpoor poverty power sector price elasticity price increases privatization PSIAS region residential Romania rural sector reform Serbia service quality share social Source stakeholders substitutes supply Table Tajikistan targeted tariff increases tariff-based subsidies Tbilisi Total Bottom 20 traditional fuels tricity Ukraine Union Fenosa utility welfare losses wood World Bank Yerevan