People and Power: Electricity Sector Reforms and the Poor in Europe and Central Asia, Pagina 419World Bank, 2007 - 227 pagini The debate on how to conduct pro-poor reforms of utilities frequently condemns tariff-based subsidies as socially regressive. But the empirical insights on household behavior and electricity consumption patterns in this book reveal that, in ECA, where access to utilities is almost universal, the erosion of tariff based subsidies has disproportionately affected the poor, while direct transfers through social benefit systems have often been inadequately targeted. The book suggests alternative strategies for achieving cost-recovery in the electricity sector in a socially and politically acceptable manner, providing lessons that are equally relevant for other utilities and regions. |
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Pagina 41
... Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Armenia , 1999 17 27 14 11 na na 47 50 Croatia , 1997 44 45 3 7 1 1 51 26 Kyrgyz 24 39 31 17 60 31 46 22 Republic , 1999 Latvia , 1997 37 28 na na < 1 1 2 Lithuania , 1998 na na na na < 1 ...
... Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Armenia , 1999 17 27 14 11 na na 47 50 Croatia , 1997 44 45 3 7 1 1 51 26 Kyrgyz 24 39 31 17 60 31 46 22 Republic , 1999 Latvia , 1997 37 28 na na < 1 1 2 Lithuania , 1998 na na na na < 1 ...
Pagina 49
... Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Electricity 10 20 31 37 28 29 Central heat 7 9 - Central gas 8 11 11 13 13 LPG < 1 < 1 1 1 300 16 8 13 Wood 59 50 47 43 41 35 Dung 6 5 6 5 6 4 Other 9 5 4 2 5 2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 Source ...
... Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Electricity 10 20 31 37 28 29 Central heat 7 9 - Central gas 8 11 11 13 13 LPG < 1 < 1 1 1 300 16 8 13 Wood 59 50 47 43 41 35 Dung 6 5 6 5 6 4 Other 9 5 4 2 5 2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 Source ...
Pagina 95
... nonpoor households . Payment rates for the poor and nonpoor were similar , which sug- gests that the narrowing of the consumption gap between poor and nonpoor cannot be attributed to nonpayment by the poor . If con- sumption increased ...
... nonpoor households . Payment rates for the poor and nonpoor were similar , which sug- gests that the narrowing of the consumption gap between poor and nonpoor cannot be attributed to nonpayment by the poor . If con- sumption increased ...
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AES Telasi Albania analysis Armenia arrears average Azerbaijan Baku Barmek Belarus benefits bills Bulgaria central heat collection rates consumers cost recovery countries demand distribution companies district heating dram economic effects of reform efficiency electricity consumption electricity expenditures electricity sector energy consumption energy expenditures energy sector environmental Europe and Central figure focus group Georgia higher Household Budget Survey Households reported impact of reform improved infrastructure investments Kazakhstan kerosene kgoe Kyrgyz Republic Lampietti manat meters mitigating Moldova natural gas nonpayment NREDs payment percent of households percentage political poor and nonpoor poor households Poor Nonpoor poverty power sector price elasticity price increases privatization PSIAS region residential Romania rural sector reform Serbia service quality share social Source stakeholders substitutes supply Table Tajikistan targeted tariff increases tariff-based subsidies Tbilisi Total Bottom 20 traditional fuels tricity Ukraine Union Fenosa utility welfare losses wood World Bank Yerevan