People and Power: Electricity Sector Reforms and the Poor in Europe and Central Asia, Pagina 419World Bank, 2007 - 227 pagini The debate on how to conduct pro-poor reforms of utilities frequently condemns tariff-based subsidies as socially regressive. But the empirical insights on household behavior and electricity consumption patterns in this book reveal that, in ECA, where access to utilities is almost universal, the erosion of tariff based subsidies has disproportionately affected the poor, while direct transfers through social benefit systems have often been inadequately targeted. The book suggests alternative strategies for achieving cost-recovery in the electricity sector in a socially and politically acceptable manner, providing lessons that are equally relevant for other utilities and regions. |
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Pagina 69
... Remained Low for the Lowest 20 Percent in Tbilisi million Btu 350 300 250 200 585 150 100 50 1996 - III ΔΙ 1997-1 = ΔΙ 1998-1 ΔΙ III || 1999-1 Source : Georgia Household Budget Survey . ( See box 5.1 ) . III IV 2000-1 ΔΙ III highest 20 ...
... Remained Low for the Lowest 20 Percent in Tbilisi million Btu 350 300 250 200 585 150 100 50 1996 - III ΔΙ 1997-1 = ΔΙ 1998-1 ΔΙ III || 1999-1 Source : Georgia Household Budget Survey . ( See box 5.1 ) . III IV 2000-1 ΔΙ III highest 20 ...
Pagina 71
... remained constant at about 125 KWh per month , and median consumption at about 113 KWh.17 This reinforces the comments of focus group participants : gas use rose not because it was a substitute for electricity , but because it was a ...
... remained constant at about 125 KWh per month , and median consumption at about 113 KWh.17 This reinforces the comments of focus group participants : gas use rose not because it was a substitute for electricity , but because it was a ...
Pagina 94
... remained dark . Communal areas in apartment blocks , such as stairwells , often remained unlit when money or trust for making col- lective payments was lacking . And there were reports of residents suffer- ing injuries from navigating ...
... remained dark . Communal areas in apartment blocks , such as stairwells , often remained unlit when money or trust for making col- lective payments was lacking . And there were reports of residents suffer- ing injuries from navigating ...
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AES Telasi Albania analysis Armenia arrears average Azerbaijan Baku Barmek Belarus benefits bills Bulgaria central heat collection rates consumers cost recovery countries demand distribution companies district heating dram economic effects of reform efficiency electricity consumption electricity expenditures electricity sector energy consumption energy expenditures energy sector environmental Europe and Central figure focus group Georgia higher Household Budget Survey Households reported impact of reform improved infrastructure investments Kazakhstan kerosene kgoe Kyrgyz Republic Lampietti manat meters mitigating Moldova natural gas nonpayment NREDs payment percent of households percentage political poor and nonpoor poor households Poor Nonpoor poverty power sector price elasticity price increases privatization PSIAS region residential Romania rural sector reform Serbia service quality share social Source stakeholders substitutes supply Table Tajikistan targeted tariff increases tariff-based subsidies Tbilisi Total Bottom 20 traditional fuels tricity Ukraine Union Fenosa utility welfare losses wood World Bank Yerevan