People and Power: Electricity Sector Reforms and the Poor in Europe and Central Asia, Pagina 419World Bank, 2007 - 227 pagini The debate on how to conduct pro-poor reforms of utilities frequently condemns tariff-based subsidies as socially regressive. But the empirical insights on household behavior and electricity consumption patterns in this book reveal that, in ECA, where access to utilities is almost universal, the erosion of tariff based subsidies has disproportionately affected the poor, while direct transfers through social benefit systems have often been inadequately targeted. The book suggests alternative strategies for achieving cost-recovery in the electricity sector in a socially and politically acceptable manner, providing lessons that are equally relevant for other utilities and regions. |
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Pagina 21
... substitutes Negative , depends Negative on level of assistance Negative , depends Negative on ability to substitute Access to unreliable and low quality electricity Little or no Very positive Very positive Very negative Very negative ...
... substitutes Negative , depends Negative on level of assistance Negative , depends Negative on ability to substitute Access to unreliable and low quality electricity Little or no Very positive Very positive Very negative Very negative ...
Pagina 118
... Substitutes Households without access to gas or wood in the capital towns of Rayons and rural areas may be particularly vulnerable to tariff increases . There are no good substitutes for electricity for lighting , refrigeration , and ...
... Substitutes Households without access to gas or wood in the capital towns of Rayons and rural areas may be particularly vulnerable to tariff increases . There are no good substitutes for electricity for lighting , refrigeration , and ...
Pagina 222
... substitutes . See fuel substitutes coal , 40 See also fuel substitutes Cochabamba water facility ( Bolivia ) , 14 combined heat and power ( CHP ) plants , 126 , 136 , 139 consumers as stakeholders , 20 consumer surplus change , 147 ...
... substitutes . See fuel substitutes coal , 40 See also fuel substitutes Cochabamba water facility ( Bolivia ) , 14 combined heat and power ( CHP ) plants , 126 , 136 , 139 consumers as stakeholders , 20 consumer surplus change , 147 ...
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AES Telasi Albania analysis Armenia arrears average Azerbaijan Baku Barmek Belarus benefits bills Bulgaria central heat collection rates consumers cost recovery countries demand distribution companies district heating dram economic effects of reform efficiency electricity consumption electricity expenditures electricity sector energy consumption energy expenditures energy sector environmental Europe and Central figure focus group Georgia higher Household Budget Survey Households reported impact of reform improved infrastructure investments Kazakhstan kerosene kgoe Kyrgyz Republic Lampietti manat meters mitigating Moldova natural gas nonpayment NREDs payment percent of households percentage political poor and nonpoor poor households Poor Nonpoor poverty power sector price elasticity price increases privatization PSIAS region residential Romania rural sector reform Serbia service quality share social Source stakeholders substitutes supply Table Tajikistan targeted tariff increases tariff-based subsidies Tbilisi Total Bottom 20 traditional fuels tricity Ukraine Union Fenosa utility welfare losses wood World Bank Yerevan