The Tradeoff Between Number of Children and Child Schooling: Evidence from Côte D'Ivoire and GhanaWorld Bank Publications, 1995 - 98 pagini World Bank Technical Paper No. 264. Past research into tree planting has revealed that inadequate attention is given to root development in seedling containers. This study recommends the development of a high quality potting mediato give plants the best possible chances of survival in the field after transplanting. The book describes the characteristics of good potting media. It notes that the largely organic media used in temperate countries have proven successful in protecting roots. In tropical countries, soil mixed with sand and a little organic matter is the main component. The study offers some explanations as to why potting media in tropical countries do not contain more organic matter and points to the difficulty in acquiring organic materials in adequate amounts and the cost involved. A special section deals specifically with different methods of making compost, its raw materials, and outlines ways of blending them. |
Termeni și expresii frecvente
Abidjan Ainsworth Akan Akan language associated Births Last child schooling child survival Child's Age children ever born coefficients completed schooling consumption per adult Contraceptive Côte d'Ivoire covariates cumulative fertility current enrollment cut-point DAGBANI demand for children economic elasticity endogenous Enrollment Rates equations estimated evidence exogenous family planning female fertility and child fertility and schooling Figure Ghana Glewwe HAUSA higher household expenditure impact increase Kenya Kouamé Krou labor Living Standards Measurement Living Standards Survey LSMS negative Northern Mande number of children NZEMA Omitted category Ordered probit p-value P.O. Box percent permanent income predicted price of schooling primary school probit model quality-quantity tradeoff quantity-quality tradeoff recent fertility regression rural and urban rural areas Rural East Rural Savannah Rural West Forest school enrollment schooling per child secondary schooling selectivity bias significant Sub-Saharan Africa sub-samples Table urban and rural urban areas Woman's Age Woman's Schooling Women's Education World Bank
Pasaje populare
Pagina 80 - For some countries with universal primary education, the gross enrollment ratios may exceed 100 percent because some pupils are younger or older than the country's standard primary school age. The data on...
Pagina 80 - Table 4.1l; the total fertility rate is the number of children a woman would have if she experienced current age-specific fertility rates of all women (see Box 44l.
Pagina 68 - Changes in the Costs and Benefits of Children to their Parents: The Changing Cost of Educating Children." Paper presented to the Seminar on "The Course of Fertility Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa," sponsored by the IUSSP Committee on Comparative Analysis of Fertility and the University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe, November 19-22.
Pagina 16 - So weak [is the link between a man's reproductive decisions and his expenses,] that there is little parallel to the situation in some other parts of the Third World where educated children will ultimately benefit parents but where there is such a financial crunch during the process of education that numbers must be restricted to ensure that any are sufficiently educated and adequately employed.
Pagina 68 - Makinwa-Adebusoye, P. 1991 Changes in the costs and benefits of children to their parents: The changing cost of educating children. Paper presented to the Seminar on "The Course of Fertility Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa," sponsored by the IUSSP Committee on Comparative Analysis of Fertility and the University of Zimbabwe, Harare, November 19-22.
Pagina 11 - In the course of early modernization, an economy begins to display significant differentials in earnings by schooling level. Parents then come to regard schooling as an avenue to a better life for their children, and as a human capital investment which may over the long term pay dividends to the parents themselves. Yet, education is costly both in terms of direct costs and opportunity costs of foregone child labor. It generally remains too costly for parents to give each child schooling and continue...
Pagina 74 - The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the policy of the World Bank or its members.
Pagina 16 - The African family structure typically places reproductive decisionmaking in the hands of the husband and the economic burden mainly on the shoulders of the wife. Nothing could be more conducive to maintaining high fertility.