People and Power: Electricity Sector Reforms and the Poor in Europe and Central Asia, Pagina 419World Bank, 2007 - 227 pagini Empirical insights on household behavior and electricity consumption patterns in this book reveal that, in Europe and Central Asia, the erosion of tariff based subsidies has disproportionately affected the poor, while direct transfers through social benefit systems have often been inadequately targeted. 'People and Power' suggests alternative strategies for achieving cost-recovery in the electricity sector in a socially and politically acceptable manner, providing lessons that are equally relevant for other utilities and regions. |
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Pagina 49
... Expenditures ( percent of household expenditure ) Heating Heating water Cooking Primary source Poor Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Electricity 10 20 31 37 28 29 Central heat 7 9 - - Central gas 8 11 11 13 13 16 LPG < 1 < 1 1 1 8 13 ...
... Expenditures ( percent of household expenditure ) Heating Heating water Cooking Primary source Poor Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Poor Nonpoor Electricity 10 20 31 37 28 29 Central heat 7 9 - - Central gas 8 11 11 13 13 16 LPG < 1 < 1 1 1 8 13 ...
Pagina 70
... expenditures — and since kerosene is expensive , its use may be a response to inadequate electricity supply . Similarly , the reduction in overall consumption can be attributed to budget constraints and the lack of opportunity to ...
... expenditures — and since kerosene is expensive , its use may be a response to inadequate electricity supply . Similarly , the reduction in overall consumption can be attributed to budget constraints and the lack of opportunity to ...
Pagina 96
... Expenditures by the Poor and Nonpoor , 1999 and 2003 ( MDL a month ) Poor Nonpoor Percentage Percentage Item 1999 2003 change 1999 2003 change Electricity expenditures 28 40 42.9 33 47 42.4 Income 431 966 124.1 871 1,799 106.5 Share of ...
... Expenditures by the Poor and Nonpoor , 1999 and 2003 ( MDL a month ) Poor Nonpoor Percentage Percentage Item 1999 2003 change 1999 2003 change Electricity expenditures 28 40 42.9 33 47 42.4 Income 431 966 124.1 871 1,799 106.5 Share of ...
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AES Telasi Albania analysis Armenia arrears average Azerbaijan Baku Barmek Belarus benefits bills Bulgaria central heat changes collection rates consumers cost recovery countries demand distribution companies district heating dram economic effects of reform efficiency electricity expenditures electricity sector energy consumption energy expenditures energy sector environmental figure focus group Georgia higher Household Budget Survey Households reported impact of reform improved investments Kazakhstan kerosene kgoe Kyrgyz Republic Lampietti levels lowest 20 percent manat meters mitigating Moldova natural gas nonpayment NREDs payment percent of households percentage political poor and nonpoor poor households Poor Nonpoor poverty power sector price elasticity price increases privatization PSIAs region reliable residential sector reform Serbia service quality share social Source stakeholders substitutes supply Table Tajikistan targeted tariff increases tariff-based subsidies Tbilisi tion Total Bottom 20 traditional fuels tricity Ukraine Union Fenosa utility welfare losses wood World Bank Yerevan
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Are You Being Served?: New Tools for Measuring Service Delivery Samia Amin,Jishnu Das,Markus Goldstein Vizualizare completă - 2007 |